INTRODUCTION:
Paint is a composition of the pigment, resin, binder and thinners which is used for the coating of the surfaces.1 The main purpose of the paint is to protect the surface from the corrosion in the case of metals and for the decoration. The composition of the paint is also varies according to the surfaces it is applied. Paint can be analyzed by the physical, chemical and spectroscopic methods depending on the analytical purpose.2 The pigments present in the paints are hard insoluble part, which can be compared by particle size, elemental compositions and functionality present on the it.3 Elemental composition of the paint can be analyze by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).
The functionality can be identified by using FT-IR spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. There are several chromatographic methods used for the detection and identification of the organic mass present in the paint like pyrolytic gas chromatography, Gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy (GCMS). Thermal method like Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). also can be used for the paints analysis.4-8
Elemmental analysis plays an imortant role in characterizations of the biological as well as physico chemical materials by using different analytical techniqes.9-20 XRF is attracting more attention for the purpose of elemmental analysis as compared to the other methods because of its easy sample preparation, time saving, cheaper, and non-destructive technique The results obtained are also more authentic as it is showing exact composition of the very minute sample and can only be focused on the point of interest The sample can be reused for the other supporting analysis or can be preserved for the other experiments if needed.21-23
In the hit and run cases, there are rarely any eye witness available so it becomes important to collect and analyzed the paint from the victims and suspects vehicle. The careful observations of the victims vehicle can gives clue by any scratches and transfer of the paint. Some time naked eyes can gives a clue of the identification of the suspect's vehicle just by observing the paint transferred on the victims vehicle.24 The exact composition and the elements can be matched by using the sophisticated and non-destructive XRF analysis.25,26
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Instruments and chemicals:
The Elemental composition was carried out on XGT-7200 X-Ray analytical microscope HORIBA scientific, The UV-Vis spectra was recorded on the UV/VIS Spectrophotometer UV 3000 LAB India in the scanning range of the 250 nm to 400 nm. N' N' Dimethylformamide (DMF) analytical grade from the spectrochem chemicals was used as a solvent for recording UV-Vis Spectra.
Sample preparation:
Paint samples used in this case study were submitted in the laboratory for the purpose of analysis. The sample from the Victims vehicle is white in color named as (W) while the samples from the suspect's vehicle is Blue in color named as (B), and the paint B transferred on the paint W is named as (BW). The sample for the XRF were prepared by scratching the paints by blades. The traces of the Blue paint from the white paint was scratched in the same way. The sample for the UV-vis spectroscopy was prepared by rubbing the scratched paints with cotton swab in DMF.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
The samples of the vehicle parts collected in this case were presented in the form of the digital camera pictures as shown in Fig. 1 where the suspect's vehicle shows the blue paint (B), Victims vehicle white paint (W), and traces of blue paint on white paint (B W). The elemental composition of the paint samples were carried out by selecting the five major elements Si, S, Cl, Ti, and Fe as mentioned in the Table 1. The XRF spectra's were presented in the Fig. 2. shows the elemental composition of the Sample (W), (B), and (BW). The Mass percent of the silicon (Si) in the (W) is 84.74 and in the (B) is 0.5 the paint transfer shows the mass percent of silica (3.52). Here the blue spot on the white background was focused for the XRF spectrum increased in the silicon ass percentage of the blue spot due to the transfer of blue paint on the white paint. The mass percent of the Titanium (Ti) is 95.82 in (B) 1.42 in (W) and 94.1 in (B W). This result also suggests the transfer of the blue paint on the white paint due to which the mass percent of the Titanium slightly decreased down. The mass percentage of the Iron (Fe) is 3.4 in (B), 0.08 in (W) and 1.98 in this case there is decreased in the percentage of Fe in (B W) indicate the transfer of blue paint on the white. The Sulfur and Chlorine content is more in (W) than (B) and the results of the (B W) also convincing about the transfer of Blue on the White.
Figure 1: Camera picture of the Suspects vehicle blue paint (B), Victims vehicle White paint (W), traces of blue paint on white paint (BW).
Table 1: The table of the mass percentage of blue paint White paint and the Blue paint transferred on the White paint
|
Elements |
Mass % (B) |
Mass % (W) |
Mass % (BW) |
|
Si |
0.50 |
84.75 |
3.52 |
|
S |
0.08 |
13.07 |
0.21 |
|
CI |
0.19 |
0.68 |
0.18 |
|
Ti |
95.82 |
1.42 |
94.1 |
|
Fe |
3.41 |
0.08 |
1.98 |
Figure 2: XRF spectra of the Suspects’ Vehicle blue paint (B), Victims vehicle White paint (W), traces of blue paint on white paint (B W).
UV-Vis spectra recorded by using DMF as a solvent, the traces of the paint material from the white paint and the original blue and white paints were rub by dipping the cotton swab in the DMF solvent and the adhered paint sample was prepared by washing the cotton swab. The UV-vis spectra recorded at the scan range of the 250 nm to 400 nm and the spectra were named as Blue (B), White (W) and traces of B on white (B W) as shown in Fig. 3. the maximum absorption wavelength ƛmax for the white paint (W) is 280 nm. and the ƛ max for the (B) is 270 nm. The ƛ max for the traces of the blue paint from the white background shows the (B W) is 277 nm, the shifting of the ƛ max form the 270 nm to 277 nm is due to the transfer of white paint while rubbing the traces blue paint from the white background. The UV Vis spectra also suggest the transfer of the blue paint from the suspect's vehicle on the victims vehicle.
Figure 3: UV- VIS spectra of the suspect's vehicle blue paint (B), victims vehicle white paint (W), traces of blue paint on white paint (B W).
CONCLUSIONS:
In this case study the simple methods like XRF and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used for the identification of the suspect's vehicle. The percentage of the major elements were used for the identification and characterization purpose. The UV-Vis spectra showed the shifting of the blue paints ƛ max towards the ƛ max of the white paint indicated the transfer of the blue paint on the white. These methods combine can also be useful for the future case studies in the hit and run cases for the forensic science investigations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Authors are thankful to Shri. Sanjay Kumar Verma (IPS) DG Legal and Technical and Dr. Mrs. Sangeeta Ghumatkar Director, Directorate of Forensic Science Laboratories Home Department, Government of Maharashtra, India for encouraging the research activities.
DECLARATION OF COMPETING INTEREST:
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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Received on 28.05.2024 Revised on 01.08.2024 Accepted on 13.09.2024 Published on 22.10.2024 Available online from October 31, 2024 Asian J. Research Chem.2024; 17(5):285-288. DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2024.00049 ©AandV Publications All Right Reserved
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